Advantages Of Bus Topology Computer Science Essay

Points of interest Of Bus Topology Computer Science Essay A topology is characterized as the design of the system for example how the hubs are associated. This portrays how the system genuinely looks or how the system is truly structured. The idea of a topology is significant in light of the fact that each system card is intended to work with a particular topology. Alternately, if your system link is as of now introduced and you need to utilize existing wiring, you should choose your system cards dependent on the prior physical topology. Preferably, you can structure your system without any preparation. At that point you can pick your topology, cabling, and arrange cards dependent on what best addresses your issues. Genuinely, a transport topology utilizes a straight fragment of link to associate all system gadgets. Gadgets commonly associate with the transport (the link) through T-connectors. At each finish of the transport are eliminators. Every eliminator retains the sign when it arrives at the finish of the link. Without an eliminator, a sign would bob back and cause arrange blunders. The physical transport topology utilizes a consistent transport to transmit information on the link in the two bearings. In an intelligent transport topology, just a single transmission can happen at some random second. Something else, two transmissions would impact and cause arrange blunders. End guarantees that the sign is expelled from the link when it comes to either end, forestalling conceivable system mistakes. Fig. 4.1 Bus Topology Points of interest of Bus Topology : The advantages of a transport topology incorporate the accompanying: 1. This is more affordable topology since it requires less link for systems administration since utilizing just one link it is conceivable to interface numerous PCs. 2. It is a simple method to organize few PCs. Weaknesses of Bus Topology : The disadvantages of a transport topology incorporate the accompanying: 1. One break in link cause whole disappointment in organize. 2. It is hard to address the mistakes in light of the fact that the link isn't identified with as it were one machine. 3. On a medium-sized to huge system, reconfiguration is more troublesome than the link Management of a star topology. Star Topology The star topology resembles a star. The center point is at the focal point of the star, and all gadgets append to the center through a link. Coherently, the physical star topology works as an intelligent transport topology by imparting the information sign to all hubs without a moment's delay. The center point at the focal point of the star fills in as a sign splitter, which implies the sign is part and sent to all PCs simultaneously, with one exemption it isn't sent back to the PC from which the sign sent. The sign is ended at each system card, along these lines keeping the sign from incidentally reappearing the system. If this somehow managed to occur, information parcels would venture to every part of the system perpetually genuinely hindering system execution. Fig. 4.2 Star Topology Points of interest of Star Topology : The advantages of a star topology incorporate the accompanying: 1. A star topology is more shortcoming lenient than different topologies, on the grounds that a link separate doesn't bring the whole system. 2. Reconfiguring the system, or including hubs, is simple in light of the fact that every hub interfaces with the focal center point free of different hubs. 3. Segregating link disappointments is simple in light of the fact that every hub interfaces freely to the focal center. Impediments of Star Topology : The impediments of a star topology are: 1. On the off chance that the focal center falls flat, the whole system gets inaccessible. 2. This topology is more costly than others to introduce as a result of the extra link and hardware included. Ring Topology: Genuinely, the ring topology is molded in a ring. Links go from PC to PC until the ring is finished. At the point when information is transmitted, every workstation gets the sign and afterward passes it on when the workstation is finished with the information. Other than Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), no current systems utilize a physical ring topology, in light of the fact that a break in the ring makes the whole system inaccessible. Intelligently, a ring topology works by passing the sign, generally called a token, starting with one hub then onto the next until it arrives at all the route around the ring. Token-passing plans utilize the consistent ring topology. Fig. 4.3 Ring Topology Favorable circumstances of Ring Topology : A coherent ring topology guarantees access to the system without the danger of crashes, which can happen in consistent star or transport topologies. Inconveniences of Ring Topology : The downsides of a ring topology incorporate the accompanying: 1. In the event that there is a break in the link of a physical ring topology, the system becomes inaccessible. 2. Physical ring topologies are hard to investigate. 3. Physical ring topologies are difficult to reconfigure. 4. There is restricted help for ring systems. 5. The expenses for a ring system are altogether higher than for star or transport. Tree Topology Otherwise called a pecking order organize, The kind of system topology wherein a focal root hub (the top degree of the progression) is associated with at least one different hubs that are one level lower in the chain of command (i.e., the subsequent level) with a point-to-point connect between every one of the second level hubs and the top level focal root hub, Fig. 4.4 Tree Topology While every one of the second level hubs that are associated with the top level focal root hub will likewise have at least one different hubs that are one level lower in the progressive system (i.e., the third level) associated with it, additionally with a point-to-point interface, the top level focal root hub being the main hub that has no other hub above it in the chain of importance (The order of the tree is balanced.) Each hub in the system having a particular fixed number, of hubs associated with it at the following lower level in the pecking order, the number, being alluded to as the fanning element of the various leveled tree. This tree has singular fringe hubs. 1.) A system that depends on the physical various leveled topology must have at any rate three levels in the order of the tree, since a system with a focal root hub and just a single progressive level underneath it would display the physical topology of a star. 2.) A system that depends on the physical progressive topology and with a stretching component of 1 would be named a physical direct topology. 3.) The fanning factor, f, is free of the all out number of hubs in the system and, along these lines, if the hubs in the system require ports for association with different hubs the complete number of ports per hub might be kept low despite the fact that the all out number of hubs is enormous à ¢Ã£ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ¬ this makes the impact of the expense of adding ports to every hub absolutely subordinate upon the spreading factor and may subsequently be kept as low as required with no impact upon the all out number of hubs that are conceivable. 4.) The absolute number of point-to-point interfaces in a system that depends on the physical various leveled topology will be one not exactly the complete number of hubs in the system. 5.) If the hubs in a system that depends on the physical various leveled topology are required to play out any preparing upon the information that is transmitted between hubs in the system, the hubs that are at more elevated levels in the chain of importance will be required to perform all the more handling procedure in the interest of different hubs than the hubs that are lower in the progressive system. Such a sort of system topology is valuable and strongly suggested Work Topology Work The estimation of completely fit systems is relative to the type of the quantity of endorsers, expecting that imparting gatherings of any two endpoints, up to and including all the endpoints, is approximated by Reeds Law. Fig. 4.5.1 Fully associated work topology The quantity of associations in a full work = n(n 1)/2 Completely associated Note: The physical completely associated work topology is commonly excessively expensive and complex for down to earth systems, despite the fact that the topology is utilized when there are just few hubs to be interconnected. Fig. 4.5.2 Partially associated work topology Somewhat associated The sort of system topology where a portion of the hubs of the system are associated with more than one other hub in the system with a point-to-point interface à ¢Ã£ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ¬ this makes it conceivable to exploit a portion of the excess that is given by a physical completely associated work topology without the cost and unpredictability required for an association between each hub in the system. In most pragmatic systems that depend on the physical somewhat associated work topology, the entirety of the information that is transmitted between hubs in the system takes the briefest way (or an estimation of the most brief way) between hubs, with the exception of on account of a disappointment or break in one of the connections, where case the information takes an elective way to the goal. This necessitates the hubs of the system have some sort of sensible steering calculation to decide the right way to use at a specific time.

Math Ia Type 2 Stellar Numbers. Free Essays

Math SL Investigation Type 2 Stellar Numbers This is an examination about heavenly numbers, it includes geometric shapes which structure extraordinary number examples. The most straightforward of these is that of the square numbers (1, 4, 9, 16, 25 etc†¦) The chart beneath shows the heavenly triangular numbers until the sixth triangle. The following three numbers after T5 would be: 21, 28, and 36. We will compose a custom exposition test on Math Ia Type 2 Stellar Numbers. or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now A general explanation for nth triangular numbers as far as n is: The 6-heavenly star, where there are 6 vertices, has its initial four shapes demonstrated as follows: The quantity of specks until stage S6: 1, 13, 37, 73, 121, 181 Number of spots at stage 7: 253 Expression for number of dabs at stage 7: Since the general pattern is including the following various of (12, 24, 36, 48 etc†¦) for every one of the stars, so for S2 it would be 1+12=13, and for S3 it would be 13+24=37 General proclamation for 6-heavenly star number at stage Sn regarding n: For P=9: Since S1 must rise to 1 then we can demonstrate this recipe by indicating that: So the initial six terms are: 1, 19, 55, 109, 181, 271 Therefore the condition for the 9-Stellar star at For P=5: Since S1 must approach 1 then we can demonstrate this equation by indicating that: So the initial six terms are: 1, 11, 31, 61, 101, 151 So the articulation for 5-Stellar at General Statement for P-Stellar numbers at stage Sn as far as P and = For P-Stellar number equivalents 10: For P-Stellar number equivalents 20: The General Statement works for all number fro 1 to positive unendingness. The condition was shown up at since the total of number juggling arrangement can be discovered utilizing , since the thing that matters is consistently 2P then we can supplant 2P with d, and since u1 is consistently equivalent to 1, we can supplant it with 1 unfailingly. The toward the finish of the condition effectively makes the contrast between the numbers in the arrangement consistent. This type of the condition will consider just a single variable to change, which will be . Something the understudy acknowledged while illuminating this examination was that the subsequent term is consistently equivalent to , however the inferred condition which is additionally works. The most effective method to refer to Math Ia Type 2 Stellar Numbers., Essay models

Just How Big Is the Human Brain in Size

Just How Big Is the Human Brain in Size Theories Biological Psychology Print The Size of the Human Brain The size of the brain may not always indicate a measure of intelligence By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on October 06, 2019 Matt Cardy / Getty Images More in Theories Biological Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Psychosocial Psychology The human brain is an amazing organ, capable of surprising feats of memory, susceptible to damage, and yet remarkably adaptable to change. It does so much but what is the actual size of the brain? While the human brain has a structure similar to that of other mammals, what makes it so very different is its size in relation to body size. Compared to the size of our bodies, human beings have much larger brains than many other mammals. The Size of the Human Brain In terms of weight, the average adult human brain weighs in at 1300 to 1400 grams or around 3 pounds.In terms of length, the average brain is around 15 centimeters long.For comparison, a newborn human babys brain weighs approximately 350 to 400 grams or three-quarters of a pound.Men tend to have bigger brains than women. After taking overall body weight into account, mens brains tend to be approximately 100 grams larger than womens.In women, parts of the frontal lobe and limbic cortex (areas associated with problem-solving and emotional regulation, tend to be bigger than those of men.In men, the parietal cortex (associated with the perception of space) and amygdala (linked to social and sexual behavior) tend to be larger than those in women.Neurons are the structures that serve as building blocks of the brain and nervous system. They transmit and carry information, allowing different parts of the brain to communicate with one another as well as allowing the brain to communicate with various parts of the body. Researchers estimate that there are around 100 billion neurons in the human brain. Does Brain Size Matter? Obviously, not all people have the same size brain. Some are larger, and some are smaller. You might find yourself wondering if brain size might be linked to characteristics such as disability or intelligence. Researchers have found that in some cases brain size can be linked to certain diseases or developmental conditions. For example, autistic children tend to have bigger brains (and earlier disproportionate brain growth) than non-autistic children. The hippocampus tends to be smaller in elderly adults suffering from Alzheimers disease. This area of the brain is strongly associated with memory. What about intelligence? The answer to that question depends largely upon who you ask. According to one  analysis of many studies that looked at this issue by Michael McDaniel of Virginia Commonwealth University, bigger brains were correlated with higher intelligence. Not all researchers necessarily agree with McDaniels conclusions. Such studies also raise important questions about how we define and measure intelligence, whether we should account for relative body size when making such correlations, and what parts of the brain we should be looking at when making such determinations. It is also important to note that when looking at individual differences among people, brain size variations are relatively small. Other factors that may influence or play a pivotal role include the density of neurons in the brain, social and cultural factors, and other structural differences inside the brain. Genetic and Environmental Factors Influence Intelligence

Exercise Addiction Essay - 2376 Words

Addiction is a Disease Addiction is all around us. It may be that cup of coffee in the morning for the caffeine stimulation, the cigarette that is smoked for the nicotine, or an alcoholic drink used to relieve a stressful day or situation. For some, the addiction may not be to a substance, but to compulsive behaviors such as gambling, playing video games, or shopping. Consequences to addictions can impact an addict’s physical or mental state. Addiction can also have detrimental impact on the people that surround them. Watching a relationship fall apart because a person has an addiction to drugs, alcohol, or another addictive behavior is a sad thing to happen to anyone. Unfortunately, those with addictions usually won’t admit they even†¦show more content†¦This then results in lack of control when the same outcome can no longer be established. This leads to increasing dosage or behavior to try and achieve the same high or to possibly better it. Substance addictions leave the body con stantly craving a good feeling despite the consequences they may have. In order to understand the real mentality of someone with addiction/s is to examine a person in a philosophical and psychological way. All types of addictions should be looked at from a philosophical and psychological point of view. Those in the fields of neuroscience, psychology and philosophy often compare their views to show the similarities of addictions whether they be substance induced or behavioral. â€Å"Behavioral science experts believe that all entities capable of stimulating a person can be addictive; and whenever a habit changes into an obligation, it can be considered as addiction† (Alaghemandan et al 290). Some addictions can affect people physically. Caffeine and nicotine provide prime examples. The body’s physical state becomes dependent on its effects and causes withdrawal symptoms without use. 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Dealing With Death Essay - 1434 Words

In the midst of undergoing a serious life-altering incident, one often experiences the feeling of a paradigm shift. It is amazing to see how our perspectives of the world shift when forced to reflect on what is truly important. Such is the way with death. Being near death causes a sharp realization of what is truly important in life--love of family and friends, faith in God, and making the world a better place to live in--and enables one to not merely accept this, but apply it to their life as well. All those typical, average daily worries and concerns about homework, professional careers, food, sleep, personal grooming, etc., while important and necessary in everyday life must seem unbelievably miniscule when the death has wiped ones†¦show more content†¦The sense of common courtesy and decency that has evaporated from our selfish society would replace the constantly critical, mean, and rude attitudes that prevail in our communities, therefore making our world a kinder plac e to live in. After the conscious comprehension that life will end, there must exist some element of becoming at peace with the world and accepting the inevitable. Just knowing for certain that no miracle of everlasting youth will be blessed upon oneamp;#8217;s soul would lead to an overall acceptance of the way our world functions and oneamp;#8217;s dynamic role in it. Then, through reflection and philosophizing change can occur. 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A Deadly Mistake Uncovered on Argumentative Essay Topics on Education and How to Avoid It

A Deadly Mistake Uncovered on Argumentative Essay Topics on Education and How to Avoid It Just contact us through our on-line chat and our experts will supply you with detailed info about all our stipulations. Additionally, a customer may ask the writer to submit part of the job for review and, if needed, ask them to make corrections. In order to receive specific info, you can read a few reviews posted by thankful customers. Thereby, it can be smart to examine diverse reviews on essay writing service as a way to get a credible on-line site. What Is So Fascinating About Argumentative Essay Topics on Education? Inequality in education is something that has continued manifest even in the current days. Education scholars are continuously evolving the way that they think about how we learn and what's taught. It is one of the major foundations of the society which promotes realization of economic goals and at the same time making sure that different individuals end up living bette r lives. It is a vast subject and there may be hundreds of such topics that students can choose for an essay in education. To start with, the very first thing which needs to be done is to get all schools and institutions to have tutors that are gender sensitive and who don't have any prejudice or favor towards one gender. Facts, in the long run, will always win out against how folks are feeling at a specific moment. Some people don't believe in the concept of mandatory music education classes. Social problems faced in various portions of the world also point to a specific level, the inequality in education. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to discover ready-made essays and use them as an example. Citations and extracts from assorted sources have to be formatted properly. What's in read is what I've added and it replaces what's striked through. There are lots of aspects about a sport that may be argued in an essay. The last write-up needs to be concise with firm language. If you're assigned to write an argumentative essay, you want to be prepared to defend a particular point of view. If you opt to compose an essay on political corruption, you need to know its definition. There are invariably a wide variety of opinions on the field of technology, and here are our favourite things to consider on the subject. The essential distinction is that you're permitted to have an opinion on the topic but it's still true that you need facts. The interest mainly is based on the topic that you pick for your essay. So be sure you select a subject, which has values in it. It's possible to make use of these topics since they are or use them as hints to come up with your own ideas. The topic has to be interesting, the topic has to be essential and finally the topic has to be informative. Quite frequently, the ideal topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get ready to research it. Deciding upon an effortless topic may prove to be an incorrect track because you may have difficulties finding credible sources to support your views. The Unexposed Secret of Argumentative Essay Topics on Education Now, people who don't understand how these essays work may produce the mistake of being lenient. Our company does not have any need to request a big reward for our job. Whenever you make an order on our site, you get all extra guarantees. There's no need in making a determination, which health problem or phenomena is more urgent at this time or what's left in the shadows and has to be enlightened at least in your essay. A Startling Fact about Argumentative Essay Topics on Education Uncovered Inequality in education is connected to the important issues in the society. The economic, political, and societal effects of corruption are not simple to estimate. Political corruption is a severe problem that should be solved. In some countries with various races, education is offered in a fashion that is unequal. Thus don't be concerned about writing homework and get our paper help whenever possible. The paper further examines the mitigation measures that are in literatures to deal with the inequality. It is crucial to pick a great topic so as to compose a wonderful paper. To write a great paper, you want to select a strong topic.

Introduction to Engineering Construction Project Managers

Question: Discuss about theIntroduction to Engineeringfor Construction Project Managers. Answer: Part A Construction project managers are charged with the role to run and supervise all the activities in a construction project. In addition, the construction project managers have the major role to help other team members to plan and executive the goals of a project. The major role of the project construction managers is to oversee the construction activities from the start to the end and ensure that the project is undertaken on the prescribed time and budget. Also, these professionals have the roles of planning for the project, allocating resources to the different activities, management of the staffs, setting benchmarks and budget management. The salary for the construction project managers are able to vary according to different factors such as location and experience. The national average salary of the construction project managers ranges between $100,700 and $71,689. According to Marnewick, Erasmus and Joseph, the construction managers have an average pay of $93,900 per annum with an hourly wage of $45.14 in 2010 (2016). On the job growth, the construction project managers jobs are expected to grow at a rate of 17 per year (Salasky, 2016). In addition, a projected growth of 5% was projected for the jobs between 2014 and 2024. Part B The major training, which the people in this profession require, is on the management of companies of organizations. Continuous experience in the management of different projects at different levels is required for the career growth in the construction project management (Salasky, 2016). For the entry into this career, one is expected to acquire a minimum of a bachelors degree in civil engineering. In addition, other key requirement, which one is required to possess, include work experience, which is construction related and voluntary certification. Through the experience, the managers are able to moves on the ranks with the gaining of the experience in the ranks. The profession suits people with the personality which they can think and generate solutions at a quick duration. This is because most of the challenges of projects emerge during the execution time and require the solutions at the same time. In addition, the career requires patient personality to ensure that the individuals are able to reach the high-level rank of project management. In addition, the profession requires authoritative personality as well as the ones with strong communication skills to ensure that they pass the required information clearly. Pragmatic personality is also required for the profession. Part C My key personality includes teamwork, authoritative, organizational and great communication skills as well as problem solving character. On the work character, I am collaborative and able to offer clear directions considering my clear communication skills. In addition, I am much interested in learning new things and solving problems. The interest to learn new thing places me in a better position to enter into the construction project management since it offers the opportunity to learn new things in the profession. Moreover, the collaborative personality places me in a better position to enter into the project management since it is required. References Salesky, M. E. The Project Managers Guide to IDIQ Task Order Service Contracts 2016, 3964. https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319411552 Marnewick, C.; Erasmus, W.; Joseph, N. Information technology project managers competencies: An analysis of performance and personal competencies 2016, 106149.https://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/opm/article/view/4142/4821

Crooks Diary Entry Of mice and Men Essay Example

Crooks Diary Entry Of mice and Men Paper Oh god. So much happened today; I dont remember the last time I had so much to deal with in one night. I just sittin around, workin in my room, enjoying the peace and quite of the night when I heard someone at the door. It was Lennie, the new big guy, askin about his damn pups. What does he think hes doing? Disturbing me from my daily routines. But I was feelin pretty lonely at the time, so I let him in. He came in and started talkin about his stupid rabbits and how hes going to have a ranch of his own with George, his small friend. Ha! What is this? Some sortta of joke? They dont even have the money for it! Gosh hes such an idiot, coming to someone like me at night and just yaking bout how hes going to accomplish is dream and pet rabbits. Hes nuts. Acts like hes a 5-year old kid or somethin. But then, the strangest thing happened, I had another visitor. It was the old swamper. At least it was someone who has somewhat of a brain. Said to me that it must be nice to have the whole room to myself. If only he would understand what I prefer to have; Id rather be in a room cramped with 20 people than facing 4 white walls every evening! We will write a custom essay sample on Crooks Diary Entry Of mice and Men specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Crooks Diary Entry Of mice and Men specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Crooks Diary Entry Of mice and Men specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Candy went on to say that he was part of Lennie and Georges rambled about how close they are to actually succeeding, like it was really going to happen. I couldnt believe the big guy was speaking the truth all along! I cant stop myself from thinking, if these two people can talk to me like Im somebody, living with them on their ranch my twist my fate, I will no longer be discriminated! Suddenly, the fact that my future could change into something better, something to look forward to, really made me excited. Images of what I can accomplish flushed into my mind, The thought of having to deal with less of what I deal with now is just exhilarating! When Candy talked about having their own land and living without the worry of losing a place to live, food to eat, and actually owning property, my heart soared, that would really be a great idea, my life really could change! I cant stop thinking about it, how Lennie and George are so close to achieving their goal, mine might be possible too! I could have if I had my own land, I might earn more than what I earn now, even raise a family, I could be a dad and so much possibilities. Curleys wife appeared at my front door, the one that has tons of makeup on her face, which brought us three men to shock, I dont remember the last time this room was so crowded! What trouble does she want now? With her here, I could imagine the worst happening, us three being sacked from our jobs, is that what she wants nowI think that in one way, me and Curleys wife have in common is having no one to communicate with. But she really pissed me off when she used her position in the ranch to threaten my job, that was not what I would do if I wanted to get along with someone or find someone to talk to. It was her fault for not believing that Curley did not get his hand stuck into the machine, what have I done to deserve those words that came out from her mouth? Who she call a nigger? That mean bitch that had no friends, she forgot that she was in my room, what she doing coming in so late to a mans room, wanting to get us all into trouble? Why cant she just mind her own business and leave us all to our peace? But Im glad she reminded me, I almost forgot my idenity, who I am as a black, how could I have even bared the thought of getting a life outside? I totally forgot about myself and how these white people treat me, how could I live with them, we are from different worlds, we cannot live together in peace, it will never happen. Good thing I told Lennie that I have changed my mind to being part of their land, god knows what might happen if I really went to start a new life with them! Tonight was such a strange night, how could everyone be suddenly off guard and talked to me like I was somebody to them, I havent had company for a very long time and Ive really missed it a lot. I really want someone to talk to ,to be able to listen to me talk, I really believe that being alone for such a long time would really drive me crazy somehow. The yearning I have for a companion is driving me close to being mad! But I will not forget about my dignity and who I am as a black person.

Shelter in South Africa essays

Shelter in South Africa essays This is a report on the different shelters in South Africa. Africa is a huge continent that is 5,000 miles long and 4,600 miles wide. It is about three times the size of the United States. It has one of the world's largest islands: Madagascar. Many of its 52 countries constantly change their borders and names. More than 1,000 languages are spoken. The Mediterranean Sea divides this continent from Europe. The equator that divides Africa in half also makes it have enormous variety, such as its rain forests, and savanna. The fact that it has water surrounding it also has a big effect on its variety, and people. In South Africa there are many Cities and towns. In fact there are so many cities that about 44,000,000 South African citizens live in them. Cities are modern compared to Europe and the east. The native huts: the kraals and the raised huts are much less sophisticated compared to the cities. They consist of wood, mud and straw. The raised huts are good for protection from animals, and storage under it. Many herders, hunters and farmers live in these huts, though the average businessman lives in an apartment or house in the cities. Johannesburg is one of those cities. It is built on one of the richest gold deposits in the world, though the non-city huts are built on plain dirt. Johannesburg has a shortage of houses because of its growing community, though the farmers, hunters, and herder's huts get more vacant because more people are moving to the cities. The cities have large housing projects to make room, while the huts are getting torn down. The San people have houses that may appear a little more than a whole in the ground because they are always traveling, though cities obviously do not move, so they have tall buildings, and roads. The Xhosa have cylindrical houses with thatched roofs, which is extremely different from the San or the cities by the San have "hole in the ground" homes, whil ...

Modern Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modern Design - Assignment Example It is important to explain that during this period, United States was experiencing an element of consumerism. This is whereby the society is characterized by the consumption of products and goods. There was the emergence of the new media and advertisement in this period. This is because companies were seeking to promote their products, just after the Second World War. The use of radio remained as a major method that companies could advertise their products; this is in the 1940s. This was able to promote a luxurious lifestyle, majorly because people could become aware of the emergence of new products that could be used to promote their personal well-being (Raizman, p. 267). By the end of the 1940s, the television emerged as one of the important modes or channels of communication and advertisements. The acquisitions of TV sets began in 1946, and by 1952, more than a third of the citizens of United States were able to own and operate TV sets. Companies that were constantly advertising through the use of the television include Esso, Firestone Tires, and Pan American Airways. These were companies that were promoting luxurious living. Take for example Firestone Tires. This company was promoting tires that could be used in automobiles, and this is an aspect of comfortable living. The development of the FM broadcasting also played a significant role in p romoting comfortable living in America, Italy, Scandinavia and Britain. This is because they were able to promote the products of various companies. This period also saw the emergence of Sunday Magazine, an affiliate of New York Times. This was a major tool that enabled companies to advertise their products. This was specifically in the fashion industry, where fashion companies were seeking to promote the development their new brands. For instance, this type of modernism played a great role in the promotion and rise of American and European designs. For

Explain what is meant by effective managerial Essay

Explain what is meant by effective managerial - Essay Example It is very important for people working in a particular organization to communicate with one another in order to remain informed and updated regarding current changes taking place within the organization. An individual cannot solve all the issues he/she faces on their own and requires help of others to solve these issues; and in order to attain help they need to communicate with others about their concerns (Alvare, 2005, p.129). This communication will provide help for an individual as others will try to solve the issue with him/her. 1.2. Managerial Communication Managerial communication is regarded to be an element which assists managers with communication with individuals working in the same hierarchical positions, with individuals who are at the top level of the hierarchy and with individuals who occupy the lower levels of the hierarchy. Managerial communication is important for managers as it assists them with performing their main role of getting things done by others. Manageria l communication is said to be effective in nature when a manager is able to successfully get things done by others. Effective communication takes place when the message sent by the manager is clearly understood by the receivers of the message (Clampitt, 2010, p.260). A manager identifies that communication has taken place in an effective manner when the desired result of the message has been achieved or the feedback provided by the receiver is similar to the feedback expected by the manager. 2. Body 2.1. Importance of Effective Managerial Communication Managerial communication that is effective in nature is significant in order to exchange opinions and ideas between different employees as well as between the manager and its subordinates. Managers need to promote discussions that are healthy in nature within the organization in order to obtain effective and efficient results. Effective managerial communication helps managers with obtaining ideas from subordinates, and then these idea s are implemented as solutions into issues experienced by the organization. Effective managerial communication is essential in order to attain aims and objectives of the organizations in an effective and efficient manner. With the use of effective managerial communication, managers can help their subordinates understand the tasks they need to perform and to inform subordinates about the organization’s expectations. Effective managerial communication leads to decrease in duplication of work. When managers of different departments communicate with each other, they tend to share information regarding projects they are working on and due to this one manager will remain informed what others are working on and will work on some other aspect or objective of the organization. Effective managerial communication helps managers with motivating employees in order to attain the objective of getting work done by them. Managers who are empathetic towards their employees ensure that they are well aware of the issues experienced by the employees and these grievances can only be known if managers participate in communication in an effective manner (Dasgupta, 2013, p.180). Once the managers are aware of employee grievances, they can help them solve these grievances in order to motivate them to work hard. Effective managerial communication even assists with solving disputes among employees and among those individuals who are at the top level of management and the employees who are at the lower level of the

Guccis Marketing Strategy

Guccis Marketing Strategy Critically contrast the key elements of Guccis marketing strategy to its closest competitor. Justify why you have chosen this company as Guccis closest competitor. Guccis focus on Heritage, craftsmanship and philanthropy: Prada a close competitor. With over 7,000 direct employees across the world, I believe we should all see ourselves as custodians of the Gucci brand—a brand that was here before all of us and one that will survive all of us. The long lasting values of the brand ultimately inform and guide every decision we make and they also inspire all of us along the way. -Patrizio di Marco: President and CEO, Gucci (Interbrand, 2009a) Renowned for its Italian craftsmanship, Gucci was founded in 1921 in Florence. ‘Over 90 years Gucci has built a heritage of exclusivity, attention over quality and style, the Made in Italy label, innovation and craftsmanship (PPR, 2010b, pp 46) and is one of the ‘worlds most desired luxury fashion brands (Nielsen Company, 2007). The Brand was highly successful in the 1950s as it became the status brand for Hollywood film stars and European royalty. However, by 1980s Gucci lost its appeal and significant losses were made in the business (Jackson and Haird, 2003). Domenico de Soles financial acumen and Tom Fords creativity transformed Gucci as a successful brand in the 1990s. In 1999 Pinault-Printemps-Redoute purchased the controlling stake and owned Gucci. With the departure of Tom Ford and De Sole, Frida Gianini took the control in 2005. Globalisation helps the evolving luxury market to expand. Factors like growing consumer expectations, clear brand positioning, pursuit for authenticity, exclusivity, differentiation contribute to intensify the competition between luxury brands with high ‘aspirational values (Baker and Sterenberg, 2003). Gucci is among the top 10 luxury brands considering brand value in the latest survey by Interbrand. In the array of luxury market Gucci competes with brands like Louis Vuitton, Chanel, Hermes, Prada, Burberry, Ferragamo, Dior, Dolce Gabbana, Versace, etc. Interbrand Leading Luxury Brands 2009 Rankings: The top 15 Luxury Brands. (Interbrand, 2009d) 2009 Rank 2008 Rank 2007 Rank Brand Country of Origin Sector 2008 Brand Value ($m) 2009 Brand Value ($m) Change in Brand Value in 2008 Change in Brand Valuein 2009 16 16 17 France Luxury 21,602 21,120 6% -2% 41 45 46 Italy Luxury 8,254 8,182 7% -1% 59 60 58 France Luxury 6,355 6,040 9% -5% 70 76 73 France Luxury 4,575 4,598 8% 1% 87 91 94 Italy Luxury 3,585 3,530 9% -2% 98 New United Kingdom Luxury 3,095 New* 99 New United States Luxury 3,094 New* Interbrand Best Global Brands rankings. (Interbrand, 2009d). In order to sustain in the competitive luxury market and define a clear brand positioning and maintain it, brands adopt innovative marketing strategies. The Marketing mix tools like the traditional 4 Ps: product, price, promotion and place along with recently added people, process and physical evidence propel the decisions in direction of the market success. Brands need to provide right product, at right price, in right place and at right promotion in order to match the consumer needs and demands. Louis Vuitton, Gucci, Hermes, Chanel, Prada are in close competition. In order to create an emotional attachment between brands and consumers, brands try to convey an image and personality that customer aspires to. Louis Vuitton has been a ‘byword for stylish elegance and sophistication (Louis vuitton, 2009). Gucci is perceived as smart, sexy, modern whereas Prada has an image of modern, trendy yet sophisticated. Chanel is very classic and elegant. Also, Chanel and Louis Vuitton were founded in France and Gucci and Prada in Italy. According to the Interbrand survey for Italys most valuable brands Gucci Ranked first (6,388 million euro) followed by Prada (2,775 million euro). Guccis pricing strategy in 1993 positioned itself below Hermes and Chanel and at par with Prada and Louis Vuitton (Kwak, 2001). Gucci and Pradas product lines include leather goods, ready-to-wear, jewellery, footwear, silks, timepieces, eyewear, skincare, home decor and fragrances. Louis Vuitton has the categories which Gucci has, although Louis Vuitton indulges even in writing instruments and textiles besides Chanel extends into sport accessories .Gucci products are sold in 283 directly operated stores at end of 2009 and in selected ‘departmental stores as well as specialist stores (PPR, 2010b). Intending to accelerate the growth of brand, Prada stated to double the number of directly operating stores in 2007. Considering Guccis 2009 revenue breakdown by geographical area, maximum revenue was from Asia- Pacific region while Europe which includes fashion forward London, Paris and Milan contribute almost equal to Japan. Breakdown of 2009 revenue by product category Breakdown of 2009 revenue by geographical area(PPR- Gucci: Gucci Group ,2010a) Gucci Chanel Prada Louis Vuitton Year of establishment 1921 1909 1913 1854 Country of origin Italy France Italy France Known for Leather goods Fashion and perfumes Leather goods Leather goods and Luggage bags Current Designer Frida Giannini Karl Lagerfeld Miuccia Prada Marc Jacob Product categories Ready-to-wear, canvas and leather goods, bags, footwear, fine jewellery, fragrances, eyewear, watches, travel and business bags, home dà ©cor , etc. Ready-to-wear, fragrances, make-up skincare, eyewear, hats, leather goods, sports accessories, fine jewellery, etc. Ready-to-wear, Nylon bags, leather goods, footwear, Fine jewellery, eyewear, fragrances, travel and luggage bags, Prada phones, etc Ready-to-wear, leather goods, travel bags, footwear, bags, eyewear, watches, writing instruments, home goods, textiles, city guides ,etc. Ad campaign theme Forever now , Spring Summer 2010 Spring Summer 2010= First Spring and lookbook Spring Summer 2010 Store locations Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, Middle East, North America, South America. Has 283 Directly operated stores. Asia, Europe, Middle East, North America, South America, Oceania. Asia, Middle East, Far east, Europe, North America, South America. Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, Middle East, North America, South America. Comparison of brands on basic criteria. Louis Vuitton and Chanels brand image differentiates them from Italian brands like Gucci and Prada which target towards a similar target market which is modern and fashion conscious. Gucci and Prada indulge into similar product lines and pricing levels getting them into closer competition. In 1990s during revamping the brand image of Gucci an important decision made was to develop a strategy expressing Gucci has changed. ‘Brand communication plays a vital role in redrawing the image (Jackson and Shaw, 2006). During the recession competitor brands are trying to be more distinctive. Chairman and CEO Gucci, Patrizio di Marco and his team adopted the strategy to strengthen and fine tune its positioning in the luxury goods market by focusing on its heritage and craftsmanship stressing on balanced brand equity in marketing and communication (PPR, 2010b). It also included cost cutting, adjustments to pricing, global store designs concept and structure simplification. As per Interbrands report 2009b, among global luxury brands, Prada spends highest in marketing and advertising and continued to invest more in social and cultural initiatives, brand extensions and communication. Important factors that help in building brand image. (Moore and Britwistle, 2005) Image no.1 : Louis vuitton spring summer 2010 Image no.2: Prada Lookbook 2010. (The Fashion time Magazine, 2010) (AMO, 2010) Image no.3 : Chanel Spring Summer 2010 Image no.4 : Gucci Spring Summer 2010 ad Ad campaign. campaign. (Bang Jaslyn, 2010) (Gucci, 2010a) Advertising which is guided by current market scenario and competitive environment, helps in communicating and building brand image as it creates powerful image and message to gain customers attention (Jackson and Shaw, 2009, pp.161). Luxury brands communicate their values and aura to the consumers to prove experience through images that operate on aesthetic and expressionist level (Salzer-Mà ¶rling and Strannegard, 2004). Visually stimulating Guccis Spring summer 2010 campaign focuses on sensuality with modernity and Pradas Lookbook 2010 displays uniqueness and creativity. Guccis Ad campaign ‘Forever now launched in 2010 depicts the importance of connecting past and present. The campaign uses images from 1950s focuses on heritage and craftsmanship. Gucci focusing on tradition introduced an Artisan Corner an event where houses skilled artists will travel to Guccis VIP stores where the craftsmanship will be brought to customers sight. Similarly, Pradas film ad campaign 2010 titled ‘First Spring shot by Chinese artist in Shanghai depicts the tension between the straight and gay tensions of silent intimacy (James, 2010). However, the black and white effect of the video takes us into flashback and it depicts that anything is possible in timeless and dreamlike realm. Louis Vuittons ad campaign is inspired from new age traveller, while Chanels countryside rural chic look ad campaign displays beauty and elegance. Image no. 5 : Guccis ‘Forever now ad campaign 2010(Gucci ,2010b) Image no. 6: Pradas 2010 ad campaign ‘First Spring. (Fashioning.com, 2010) Prada attempts to spread a social message to reduce tensions between straight and gay people. Also, Prada signed PETAs campaign in 2007 to ban cruelty against animals and eliminate fur usage from fashion. Gucci and UNICEF partnership began in 2005, since then Gucci consistently support education and healthcare programmes for orphans and HIV/AIDS affected children. Gucci embraces philanthropy taking new initiatives and ad campaigns to support the partnership like specially designed accessories collection, White Tattoo Heart collection (2008) featuring Rihanna in its campaign, Book ‘ Snowman in Africa, fundraising event with Madonna, ‘Gucci for UNICEF Baboushka bag etc. Professor John Fernie said ‘Alliance between charity n business is the perfect way to build brand awareness and establish brand credibility and ultimately boost profits, (McDougall, 2006). As metioned on philanthrpohy section of Guccis official website, Gucci in collaboration with the Film Foundation h as made travelling screening movie of the restored movies to save the treasures in cinemas called ‘Cinema Visionaries. Proceeding in 2010, to increase online presence and reach online customers, brands are delving into digital communication. Brand affiliation is aided by the application of appropriate functionality tools (Okonkwo, 2007). Focusing on innovation Gucci launched lifestyle application for iPhone and iPod touch. Guccis application offers access to products, fashion shows, playlists, city guides, news, ability to compose own music etc. Prada launched Prada phones in collaboration with LG in 2007. The LG designed Prada phone incorporates features like video player, high pixel camera and MP3 player. Chanel also has application on iPhone which shows Chanels runway collections. Image No. 7: Gucci application for iPhone. Image No. 8: LG designed Prada Phone. (Gucci news, 2010) (Mossesgeld, 2007) Luxury atmosphere, aesthetics and appealing luxury stores reflect the brand personality and spread the brand message into the subconscious and psychological levels on a consumer mind (Okonkwo, 2007). Following the strategic concept of global store design by Creative Director Frida Giannini ,Gucci is renovating its stores to embrace the luxurious experience of shopping which complements the brands heritage and exclusivity. In October, 2009 Gucci launched a travelling sneaker store in New York which will later move to London and Tokyo in spring 2010. Similarly proving its exclusiveness, Prada took a radical approach towards the store architecture through Prada Epicenter which communicates a distinct identity into customers mind which is in quest for something new. Image no. 9: Gucci Sloane street, London Store renovated under the Global store design concept. (WallPaper, 2010) Image no.10: Prada Epicenter (Herzog de Muron,2003). [Accessed on 14 November 2009] With Economic downturn, it is highly important for brands to provide distinctive experience to consumers. Brands are striving to create a brand image congruent to the customers image (Aaker and Biehl, 1993) and meet customer needs and demands. Gucci has adopted the strategy to be true to its long lasting values and expand its presence, tune its brand image and positioning by emphasising on the rich 90 years history, heritage and core essence of the brand into its marketing and brand communication coinciding with ‘modernity and aspirational values (Gucci, 2010a). Brands like Prada are using tactful strategies focusing on parameters like timeless, authenticity, social values and culture. Louis Vuitton differentiates its customers through its brand image, brand values in terms of turnover and advertising. Chanel though is close to Gucci considering turnover it targets a more elegant, sophisticated target. Hence, Prada is the closest competitor to Gucci by comparing them on brand c ommunication like advertising, philanthropy and an attempt to standout in the terms of store designs. REFERANCES : Aaker, D. (1991), Managing Brand Equity, The Free Press, New York, NY. Aaker, D. and Biehl A. (1993), Brand Equity and Advertising, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. Baker, M., Foy,A,( 2003) Business and Management Research. United Kingdom : Westburn Publishers Ltd. Baker, M., Sterenberg, G. ( 2003) Managing global brands to meet consumer expectations. ESOMAR ,Global Cross-Industry Forum, Research International Qualitatif, December 2003. Barnes James G. (2003) Establishing meaningful customer relationships: why some companies and brands mean more to their customers. Managing Service quality, Vol. 13(3) pp. 178-186. Campbell, C. , Falk, P. (1997) : The Shopping Experience . London: Sage Publications, pp : 67-73, 166-72. Chadha, R. , Husband, P. (2006) The cult of the Luxury Brand- Inside Asias Love Affair with Luxury. London Nicolas Brealey International , pp.25-63, 149, 178, 267-77,280. Crask, M.R., Laskey, H.A. ( 1990), A positioning-based decision model for selecting advertising messages,Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. 30 No.4, pp.32-8. Davidson, B., Webb, Bill (2006) :Fashion Retailing, Chapter 6.In Jackson, T., Shaw, D. The Fashion Handbook. London: Routledge , pp: 105-126 Diamond, J., Lift, S. (2003) : Retailing in the new millennium. New York: Fairchild Publications. Easey, M. ( 1995) Fashion Marketing, India, Blackwell Publishing , pp.174-177. Gucci (2010a) Gucci news [Internet]. Available from http://www.keynote.co.uk/market-intelligence/view/product/10322/clothing-retailing> [Accessed on 6th March 2010] Gucci (2010b) Gucci philanthrophy [Internet]. Available from http://www.keynote.co.uk/market-intelligence/view/product/10322/clothing-retailing> [Accessed on 11th March 2010] Hines, T., Bruce, M. (2008) Fashion Marketing- Contemporary Issues. Hungary, Elsevier, pp. 132-133,198-99, 234-36. Husic, M., Cicic, M. (2009) Luxury consumption factors. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, Vol.13 (2) pp231-245. Interbrand ( 2009a) Patrizio di Marco , President and Chief Executie Officer Gucci : More interviews with Global Brand Leaders [Internet]. Available From file:///E:/random%20search/gucci-%20strategy-interbrand.htm> [Accessed on 8 March 2010]. Interbrand (2009b) Interbrand unveils Italys most valuable global brands [Internet]. Available from http://www.interbrand.com/press_release.aspx?langid=1000pressid=251> [Accessed on 11th March 2010] Interbrand (2009c) Italys 10 most valuable global brands [Internet]. Available from http://www.interbrand.com/press_release.aspx?langid=1000pressid=251> [Accessed on 11th March 2010] Interbrand (2009d) Best Global Brands 2009 rankings, Interbrand-Creating and Managing Brand Value, [Internet].Available from http://www.interbrand.com/best_global_brands.aspx?year=2009langid=1000 [Accessed on 18th February 2010]. Jackson, T. and Haird, C. 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Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.15-25, 30-37, 132-67, 173-78, 220-23, 260, 278-83, 310. PPR ( 2010a) Gucci: Gucci Group [Internet]. Available from file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/gucci%201/PPR%20-%20Gucci.htm> [Accessed on 10 March 2010] PPR (2010b) PPR 2009 Financial Document [ Internet]. Available from http://www.ppr.com/front__sectionId-43_Changelang-en.html> [Accessed on 8th March 2010] Preiholt, H.,Hagg, C. (2006) Growth opportunities in Luxury goods and real estate. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, Vol. 10 (1),pp114-119. Salzer- Mà ¶rling, M., Strannegard, L. (2004) Silence of the brands. European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 38 (1/2) pp. 224-238. Schmitt, B. (1999) Experiential Marketing- How to get customers to Sense, Feel, think, act, relate. New York, The Free Press, pp.72-6. Triplett, T. (1994), â€Å"Brand personality must be managed or it will assume a life of its own†, Marketing News, Vol. 28 No. 10, p. 9. Unknown ( 2009) From Prada to Zara: is the global recession out of fashion. Strategic Direction, Vol. 25(3), pp 9-11. IMAGE REFERANCES : Image no.1 : The Fashion Time magazine (2010)Louis vuitton spring summer 2010- Louis Vuitton Spring/Summer 2010 ad campaigb :Lara Stone by Steven [Online Image]. Available from http://www.thefashiontime.com/2009/12/louis-vuitton-springsummer-2010-ad-campaign-lara-stone-by-steven-meisel/> [Accessed on 12th March 2010] Image no.2: AMO (2010) Prada Lookbook 2010- PRADA- The Spring/ Summer 2010 Lookbook [Online Image]. Available from http://www.prada.com/> [Accessed on 10th March 2010] Image no.3 : Jaslyn Bang (2010) Chanel Spring Summer 2010-Chanel Spring/Summer 2010 Ad campaign [Online Image].4th Jan 2010.Available from http://www.plussixfive.com/2010/01/04/chanel-springsummer-2010-ad-campaign/> [Accessed on 16th March 2010] Image no.4 : Gucci (2010a) Gucci Spring Summer 2010 ad campaign- Ad campaign Spring Summer 10 [Online Image]. Available from http://www.gucci.com/int/campaign/spring-summer/> [Accessed on 8th march 2010]. Image no. 5 : Gucci (2010b) Guccis ‘Forever now ad campaign 2010- ad campaign Forever now [Online Image]. Available from http://www.gucci.com/int/campaign/forever-now/> [Accessedmon 10th March 2010]. Image no. 6: Fashioning.com (2010) Pradas 2010 ad campaign ‘First Spring- Prada menswear first spring by Yang Fudong Spring/Summer 2010 [Online Image]. Available from http://www.fashionising.com/pictures/pPrada-menswear-First-Spring-by-Yang-Fudong-8206-SpringSummer-2010-4886-73781.html> [Accessed on 12th March 2010] Image No. 7: Gucci news (2010) Gucci application for iPhone- Guccinews,gucci app [Online Image]. Available from http://www.gucci.com/us/us-english/gucci-news/iphoneapp/> [Accessed on 12th March 2010] Image No. 8: Mossesgeld (2007) LG designed Prada Phone- The LG Prada phone set tp launch on March 22 [Online Image]. Available from http://www.thesmartpda.com/50226711/the_lg_prada_phone_set_to_launch_on_march_22.php> [Accessed on 12th March 2010]. Image no. 9: WallPaper (2010) Gucci Sloane street, London Store renovated under the Global store design concept -Retail Directory 2009[Online Image ]. Available from http://www.wallpaper.com/directory/retail/2009/gucci/1089> [Accessed on 13th March 2010] Image no.10: Herzog De Muron(2003),Prada Epicentre [online image].Available from http://images.businessweek.com/ss/05/11/new_retail/source/5.htm>[Accessed on 12th March 2010]

The Earl of Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli Essay -- nineteenth centur

The Earl of Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli was one of the great political minds of the nineteenth century. He helped bring Great Britain through effects of the Industrial Revolution, and maintain a large empire. Though his efforts the workers’ rights were enlarged, and England was able to peacefully transition to democracy. Disraeli, a commoner by birth, was yet an aristocrat in ideology. Through this unique combination of ideals, Disraeli was able navigate Britain through the mid nineteenth century, restore prestige to the monarchy and aristocracy, and enlarge the rights of the commoner. Disraeli sought to preserve the interests of the ruling aristocracy, and maintain the English predominance and freedom in the world. In this regard Disraeli was similar to many of the Tory aristocracy of the eighteenth and nineteenth century who sought to hold onto their power. Members of this class, such as James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardiganand George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan, disliked any kind of political reform, and sought to hold their power in parliament against the radical Whigs. As a member of a noble family that sought to protect him, James Brudenell was discouraged from entering into military service, but instead, though his father’s influence, obtained and place in the House of Commons. Brudenell was a Member of Parliament for several years, until the 1832 election, when, because of the passage of the Reform Bill, he had to fight a difficult and bitter fight and campaign to hold his seat in Parliament . From Parliament, Bundenell was able to make use of the purchase system to fulfill his lifelong ambition of making a career in the army. From there he took control of the 15th Hussars and made them into his model infantr... ...ower and avoid revolution. Thus, through social reforms Disraeli, in the last half of the nineteenth century, was able to navigate through the waters of power though appeals to the commoner. Similar to Disraeli, Lord Lucan’s son saw the necessity humanity to those in the lower classes, and extended humanitarian efforts to his estates in Ireland. Disraeli, the lonely Christian Jew, was truly a great leader of the nineteenth century. He assisted in preserving the empire, creating a sense of British pride, and providing reform to the government, while maintain his principles and identity. Works Cited Smith, Paul. Disraeli, A Brief Life. Cambridge: University Press,Cambridge, 1996. Woodham-Smith, Cecil. The Reason Why. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1954. Youngs, Fredric. The English Heritage. Vol. 2. 2 vols. Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1999.

Key Provisions of Contemporary Social Policy

â€Å"Social Policy is the way that governments attempt to ensure that all citizens can lead a fulfilling and responsible life. † (Mullard, 1995) So what is Social Policy? – When asked this question I find it quite difficult to explain in terms that are easy enough for everyone to understand, therefore I have done research in order to find a simple explanation. I particularly like Hartley Dean’s definition, ‘Social Policy is the study of human wellbeing’ he also states that ‘Social Policy, involves the study of human wellbeing, the social relations necessary for wellbeing and the systems by which wellbeing may be promoted. In my opinion this explanation is clear, concise and makes it easy to understand. (Dean, 2005). Our thoughts and ideas of childhood as a social construction have altered noticeably over the last ten years. The development of constructions of childhood has steadily become more intricate as the numbers of theories rise. Through research of early examples of childhood this essay sets out to describe how contemporary thinking of childhood has developed through complex patterns of sociological deliberation and political, cultural and historical pressures. (Kehily, p. 2-12). During the past 10 years, the changing attitudes and arising problems within the state-parent-child relationship has stirred a vast amount of concern leading to the need for further research; which in turn has lead to new policy proposals. It is widely believed that the lack of support given to families, due to the collapse of communities working together in harmony, is impacting on the current, wider spread, social problems within our families. It has become more predominant that state-parent-child relationships play an important role in the wellbeing of today’s children. Barnes et al. 2006). Having an understanding of Social Policy offers us guidelines which in turn promotes our abilities to ensure the well-being, needs and rights of children are being met. Working towards these guidelines set by the government we are able to help change and reduce the power disparity between children and adults; allowing children to have a say on decisions that will impact on their future l ives through listening to the individuals thoughts and opinions whilst considering that children have rights too. It is of upmost importance, that those working with children use this approach, continually keeping up-to-date with current laws and legislation within this area. Having an understanding of how social policy has changed over the years is also an important factor to consider; giving us a clear understanding of how policies and legislation have changed in order to improve outcomes for children in relation to available resources, shared responsibilities and managing risk. Yet social policy, unlike law, has the potential to be proactive – to set in place a series of principles that define a just and inclusive society and practical but flexile ways of implementing them†. (Hendrick, 2008, p. 336) In the UK, Parliament is responsible for making changes to law. Parliament is made up of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Queen, they must all agree to any new law before it can be passed and become an Act of Parliament. There is not just a single law in place to prote ct children but a multitude of laws, legislation and guidance which cover all aspects of children’s care in the UK. (Alcock et al. 008, p. 19-25). Past information about social policy offers us a view of the past and how it has changed, as Harold Perkin said â€Å"We want to know not only what laws were made or battles fought or even how men [sic] got their living, but what it felt like to be alive, how men [sic] in history – not merely kings and popes, statesmen and tycoons – lived and worked and thought and behaved towards each other. † (Perkin, 1981, p. 24) In 1945 the Welfare State was created, this offered a new focal point towards the children’s physical health to coincide with earlier worries about the mind and mental health of children’s development. At this time a rising importance on preventive care became prominent, looking at the family and its relationship with the State. These ideas developed slowly during the 1960’s – 70’s and it was recognised that a child should be dealt with â€Å"as a whole and continuously developing person† (Hendrick, 1994, p. 263). At this point in time the child became more permitted to have individual rights, giving them responsibilities and freedom from â€Å"traditionally passive and often repressive protection† (Hendrick, 1994, p. 57). Worries cropped up with regard to the â€Å"balance between too much and too little intervention† and particularly between â€Å"competing claims of parents, children, social workers and local authority social services departments† (Hendrick, 1994, p. 273). The Prevention of Cruelty to and Protection of Children Act 1889 was the first law to enforce criminal penalties in the hope to discourage abuse and neglect of children. This legislation is contained within the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 which was introduced to protect children from ‘cruelty and exposure to moral and physical danger’ (p. ), some parts of this act are still used today but more current guidance can be found in the newer Children’s Act 1989. (Youth Justice Board, 2006). This act was set up to help improve and simplify the overabundance of laws concerning children. Lord Chancellor Lord Mackay of Clashfern had said it was â€Å"the most comprehensive and far-reaching reform o f child law which has come before Parliament in living memory†. The Children’s Act 1989 set out to help keep children safe and well, within their environment and to provide the necessary provisions where possible, to allow the child to live within their own family structure. Today’s child protection system has been developed from the Children’s Act 1989. The Children’s Act 1989 requires local councils to make available a variety of services to all children especially those with disabilities, health and development issues; these services are intended to help keep children safe and well. Following the Children Act 1989 many new laws have been passed to improve the ways in which children are protected. (NSPCC, 2010) In September 1989 the United Nation Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) was introduced – as the first legally binding treaty that was to be used internationally. This treaty gave children and young people under 18 years, throughout the world, human rights (civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights) equal to those over 18 years; giving them the extra care and protection which was much needed. The UNCRC set out what rights children have, along with how the government should safeguard those rights. This allows children and young people around the world to have an authoritative way to preserve their human rights, allowing them to act in accordance with the law if their rights within this act are not met. The UK Government did not agree to follow the UNCRC until 1991. Below are just a few of the rights of children under the Convention on the Rights of the Child which can be found at http://www. unicef. org/crc/files/Rights_overview. pdf. (Fact Sheet) Article 3. The best interests of children must be the primary concern in making decisions that may affect them. All adults should do what is best for children. When adults make decisions, they should think about how their decisions will affect children. This particularly applies to budget, policy and law makers. Article 6. Children have the right to live. Governments should ensure that children survive and develop healthily. Article 27. Children have the right to a standard of living that is good enough o meet their physical and mental needs. Governments should help families and guardians who cannot afford to provide this, particularly with regard to food, clothing and housing. Article 36. Children should be protected from any activity that takes advantage of them or could harm their welfare and development. There are a total of 54 articles contained within the UNCRC, all of which are equally important and linked with each other, therefore working well together and easy to understand. Every child should be made aware of their rights (article 42), as it is our duty to safeguard their rights and ensure they have opportunities to live in a safe environment with all of their needs being met. In my opinion if a child is aware of their rights they are less likely to be exploited, giving them an understanding of how they can expect to be treated and hopefully have a voice that can be heard. A child friendly poster has been produced with the articles set out in laymen’s terms allowing children to understand their rights more easily. (UNICEF). Children around the world are subject to neglect and abuse and all because adults are failing to protect them. Throughout the UK during the past years progressions in human rights and civil rights have improved alongside those rights of the child. The eradication of physical punishment in schools and attempts to ban the smacking of children by parents shows us that the rights of the child are being listened too. It has been argued by Kay that until recently children didn’t really have individual rights; she believed that their rights were ‘conferred via their parents’ (2001, p. 14). This is where children’s rights were ignored, not allowing the child to have a say or be listened to. Social work has been critiqued by Smith for ‘lagging behind legal expectations of consultation with children’. (1996, pg 55). Some of the criticisms have been focused around the lack of taking into account the needs of each child as an individual and not fully listening to the child’s own wishes during proceedings. Social services have regularly been criticised for failing some children through lack of support and services to the families when they were needed. Even turning a blind eye in some cases, thus having a detrimental effect on children, predominantly ‘looked after’ children and those in need, unfortunately some cases have resulted in devastating circumstances for some children. Victoria Climbie is one of those unfortunate children; she died at the age of 8 years in February 2000 while living with her carers. She was subjected to physical and mental abuse but no-one noticed. Her death led to an independent inquiry which helped shape and change safeguarding polices for children in England. The inquiry was chaired by Lord Laming in April 2001 (alongside 4 other professional assessors). Laming carried out his research by contacting all that were involved in the care of Victoria before her death, this involved 277 witness statements and 158 witnesses. Through these inquiries it was established that her bereavement was avertable on 12 individual instances. Through Laming’s inquiry it came to light that services involved in the care of children were not working together or sharing information, some difficulties had arisen due to low staffing levels and available resources. Lord Laming gave a speech about his inquiries on 25th January 2003 saying â€Å"I well recognise that the frontline services charged with the protection of children have a difficult and demanding task. Adults who deliberately harm, neglect or exploit the vulnerability of children often go to great lengths to conceal their behaviour. (Laming, 2003). Laming found that if services had intervened just a little in the case of Victoria her death could have been avoided. As a result of the inquiry, 108 recommendations were made to change to local services; these recommendations had to be acted on swiftly. Following Lord Laming’s report on Victoria Climbie’s death the government responded by writing two reports, the Keeping Children Safe report (DFE, 200 3) and the Every Child Matters green paper (DFE, 2003) which resulted in the Children Act 2004. This act introduced further laws and legislation in respect of protecting children from harm and neglect, particular emphasis was put onto safeguarding children requiring local authorities to implement Local Safeguarding Children Boards. The Children Act 2004 did not substitute or modify much of the Children Act 1989, but improved and expanded it, offering guidance on how services could work together to improve outcomes for children. (Barker, 2008) The Every Child Matters green paper was intended to look at how to prevent incidents like that of Victoria’s instead of picking up the pieces nd was built around four key issues. (Cleaver & Walker, 2004, p. 7) * Strengthen the support available to those around the child, families and carers. * Make sure intervention takes place before it’s too late for the child, protecting them from harm and slipping through the net. * Looking at the problems acknowledged and failings for Victoria within Lord Laming’s report. * Making sure that those working with children are valued, rewarded, trained and kept up-to-date with current policy. It also identified five outcomes for children; this set out guidelines to enable every child to reach the Every Child Matters outcomes: to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being. The themes and outcomes set out within the Every Child Matters were put in place to ensure that no child/young person should fall through the net again and so all children have opportunities to achieve their full potential no matter what their circumstances. This has been done by looking at failures in education, reducing health problems, addressing substance/drug abuse and tackling anti-social behaviour amongst young people and adults. Research shows that early involvement and support is vital in improving the well-being of children. Proposals set out to offer much needed support for parents and carers so that children can receive the protection and assistance from the onset of difficulties no matter what their background. Services were improved by setting up Children’s trusts with multi-agencies working closely together with other services, offering better services to families in local areas. Through the closer network of services (multi-agency) working together information can be closely monitored and shared between all professionals connected to the child, giving a clearer picture of the child’s story. (Barker, 2008). Hopefully as services are now working closer together, the case of Victoria will not be repeated, Lord Laming’s report highlighted so many poor judgment calls that could have been avoided. â€Å"On each occasion that Victoria was admitted to hospital vitally important information went unrecorded and staff failed to act on their suspicions and observations. Telling marks on Victoria were seen and then all but ignored†. (Laming, 2001) To make certain the Every Child Matters targets are met, the government established a new set of regulatory plans and forms of inspection using the Care Standards Act 2000. This act created the National Care Standards Commission, setting out national minimum standards which were to be used in children’s homes, fostering services, boarding schools and residential special schools. Regulatory frameworks were also created, e. g. National Service Frameworks to be used for children in health care settings. (DFE, 2003). The Warner Report set out new guidelines for recruiting staff to work within child care homes at the end of 1992. This report set out to lessen the risk of abuse to children who were in care and was produced due to a string of high profile court cases. It was hoped that by introducing a Criminal Record Check on possible staff would help to find the ‘right’ kind of person to work with children in care. CRB (Criminal Records Bureau) checks are used to verify details of the individual, establishing whether a perspective employee has any convictions that prohibit them from working with children or other vulnerable members of society. Anyone that works regularly with children or is in contact with children (including foster care, adoption or childminders) must have a CRB check to ensure there suitability in order to protect the child. In 1999 the Protection of Children Act was approved and offered a legal foundation for lists to be produced of unsuitable people who had in the past been registered on an informal basis. The Department of Health was satisfied that all councils had produced policies and procedures in 2002 which met the requirements of the Warner Report but not all were consistent in their implementation of these requirements. Wilson & James, 2007, p. 186-8). The Children and Young Persons Act 2008 arose from the Government’s White Paper, Care Matters: Time for change, (DFE, 2007), the purpose of the act was to offer higher quality care, outcomes and services for those children in care. The intention of this Act was to modify the legislative framework for the care system in England and Wales, it formed part of the Government’s programme to guarantee children and young people are always able to access high quality care and support. It also included the requirements set out so that children and young people’s well-being needs were met in all forms of care. It requires public officials to notify the Local Safeguarding Children Board of all child deaths so they can be fully investigated to ensure there has been no wrong doing, allowing the Secretary of State to carry out research and requests for the release of Emergency Protection Orders. (The National Archives, 2008) The Equality Act 2010 was brought in to replace all previous equality legislation, providing some of the changes that schools should be aware of. The majority of the new laws and legislation are the same as previously, for example, schools must not ‘unlawfully discriminate against pupils because of their sex, race, disability, religion or belief and sexual orientation’. Some changes include; it is now unlawful to discriminate against a transgender pupil, it is now ‘unlawful to discriminate against a pupil who is pregnant or has recently had a baby’. Further details can be found through the Department of Education. (DFE, 2011). In June 2010 Professor Eileen Munro was commissioned to write a review report on the current issues surrounding Child Protection the completed report, named the Munro Report, was published in May 2011. The completed report set out radical changes to improve the current systems in place for the protection of children. It was recommended that local areas should be given more freedom to build up their own effective child protection services, instead of having to concentrate on meeting central government targets. The report also outlines her concerns that â€Å"a one-size-fits-all approach to child protection is preventing local areas from focusing on the child†, highlighting the need for agencies involved in the protection of children to have a more open mind, dealing with cases individually and using past incidents for learning and development, ensuring future training is compliant with the new regulations making it easily accessible to all involved. It has come to light through the Munro Report that the needs of the child should come first, the amount of paperwork previously involved has been getting in the way of important children’s outcomes. (Munro, 2011) As Professor Eileen Munro said â€Å"A one-size-fits-all approach is not the right way for child protection services to operate. Top down government targets and too many forms and procedures are preventing professionals from being able to give children the help they need and assess whether that help has made a difference. (2011) Gordon Brown described child poverty as a ‘scar on the soul of Britain’ (2000). The lives of children and families living in poverty throughout the the UK are subjected to social exclusion. ‘In Britain and other English-speaking countries, the general public and its political representatives expect the child protection system to anticipate and prevent child abuse. Yet a major factor in many cases of child maltreatment is so mething that, except in marginal ways, child protection professionals can do very little about: poverty and social exclusion. ’ (Beckett, 2007, p. 69). Unfortunately professionals working in the child protection circle have their hands tied when it comes to dealing with ‘poverty and structural inequalities’ and are unable to do much about it, saying this it is of upmost importance that child protection workers do have an understanding of the implications poverty brings so that they can be supportive and considerate to the families they come into contact with. ‘Poverty is a source of stress – and stress, we know, can push people who otherwise would have coped quite adequately into abusive or neglectful parenting’. Beckett, 2007, p169). As we look at the social systems in place, it is more often than not impractical to expect to discover a prime cause of why neglect, abuse or poverty has emerged. It is an understandably known fact that poverty i s responsible for high levels of stress within the family and it is often found that stress is definitely a major cause of child abuse and neglect, leading us to possibly believe that children who are abused and neglected often do come from poor families. Children that do come from socially deprived backgrounds appear to suffer with considerably inferior mental and physical health issues, poverty is experienced in so many areas but do we really know how to deal with it? It is thought that the UK is a rich country with a high level of wealth compared to many international standards but many people in the UK are still tormented by economic and social deprivation. Child poverty levels within Britain are a particular cause for concern, with varying issues such as single parent families, unemployment and the cost of child care all of which play an important role, contributing to the ever increasing risks of poverty. Poverty has a detrimental effect on many aspects of people’s lives, from unemployment, leading to lack of money, poor housing, low or no self-esteem etc. , it doesn’t just affect the adults but children feel the knock on effect often suffering in silence. How can child protection workers protect the children of poor people without contributing to the stress that may be one of the major causes of child maltreatment in the first place? ’ (Beckett, 2007, p. 180). Understandably parents / carers often find the intervention of social workers too much to take, making them feel inadequate in caring for their own children, thus having a detrimental effect on the work social workers do to try and make family life more man ageable, giving children the pportunities to thrive within their family circle. Although the Convention on the Rights of the Child was introduced over ten years ago there are still areas in the UK which are still struggling to put into practice all of the guidelines. It is clear to see there have been vast changes for the better surrounding the protection of children over the years. Laws and legislation have improved dramatically placing a clearer awareness of children's rights since the Children Act was first put into practice. Typically, authors write from their own national perspective, with an historical overview of policy developments being presented along with a more detailed treatment of the most recent policy developments’. (Hudson, Kuhner ; Lowe, 2010, p. 7) It is interesting to see that some of the original ideas and guidelines are still in place today but it is equally important to remember there will always be room for further improvements. So therefore it is of u pmost importance to continually reflect on and act upon new laws and legislation as they arise. I particularly like the wise words of Sir Francis Bacon ‘knowledge is power’ and acting upon the knowledge we are given gives us the opportunities to help and improve the lives of children in our care. As Lord Laming said at the end of his report into the Victoria Climbie inquiry â€Å"I hope it will be used in the training of staff not least as a stark warning of the damage that can be done to children as a result of bad practice. Too many inquires have had to be held following terrible harm to a child. I and my colleagues hope that this will be the last†. (2001)